Papers about Pronounciation Practice

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PAPERS

ABOUT THE VOWEL INVENTORIES OF SPECIFIC DIALECTS, THE INCIDENCE OF VOWELS, AND THE GLIDES

The papers created for complited the one of assignment of course Pronounciation Practice

Created by Group V:

Braenda Biftaoi

Tantri Melania Permata Putri

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM OF INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI

PALANGKA RAYA 2010

PREFACE

In the name of Allah the most gracious, the most merciful. We thank full to Allah that helping me to complete journal about….

We have made this journal or scientific paper with optimal and get help from many others resource, that make me easy to finish it. We thank you for contributing to the making of this journal or scientific paper.

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TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

COVER

PREFACE

TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1  Issue Background

1.2  Problem Identification

1.3  Benefit learning this material

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition or Basic Theorethical

2.2 Material Description

CHAPTER III

3.1 Conclision

3.2 Suggesstion

REFERENCE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1  Issue Background

Pronounciation is defitely the biggest thing that people notice when you are speaking English. When you talk to person in real life, they may not notice your limited vocabulary or grammar mistakes, but they will notice right away if your pronounciation is good or bad. If your pronounciation is poor, they will think about you as the guy/girl who speaks bad English, and good grammar and vocabulary wont help you. Good Pronounciation should be the one of the first things that you learn in English because you can use simple grammar structures instead, but there is no such simple pronounciation to say to make people Understand.

The goals of our papers is to explain about “The vowel inventories of specific dialects, The incidence of vowels, The glides” for minimize the mistakes in English pronounciation.

1.2  From the Issue Background we can make a Identify Problems, There are:

1.      What is The vowel inventories of specific dialects?

2.      What is The incidence of vowels?

3.      What is The glides?

1.3  From the Identify Problems we can learn about

1.      Knowing about The vowel inventories of specific dialects

2.      Knowing about The incident of vowels

3.      Knowing about The glides

CHAPTER II DISSCUSION

2.1 Definition or Basic Theorethical

             one of a class of speech sounds in the articulation of which the oral part of the breath channel is not blocked and is not constricted enough to cause audible friction. Vowels is not a letter, it’s a sound a letter in word sounds. There are 5 : a,i,u,e,o

2.2 Material Description

1.  What is The vowel inventories of specific dialects?

        Long Vowels means Words can be devided into units called syllables, when a syllables end with a vowel the vowel usually has a long sound. Short vowels means when a syllables ends with a consonant, the vowel usually has a short sound.

        Most varieties English have fewer tha 24 vowel phonemes of our general inventory. We now consider vowel inventories of some of the principal dialects of the language.

Inventory 1  (rhotic) : Ireland      

TREE/ EAR          CHICK                       FOOT  BREW/TOUR

DAY/CHAIR       STEP   FUR                HUT    TOE/DOOR

                              BAT    SPA/STAR     LOCK LAW/WAR

TIE/FIRE              TOY                NOW/SOUR

        All  24 of our vowel distinctions are maintained in irish English. The R- vowel are pronounced with a sonorant consonant. The R vowel have generally the same quality as free vowels, and the forward slash separates each R vowel from the vowel of TREE,CHAIR the same as DAY , FIRE the same as TIE , and so on.

        The English spoken in Scotland is almost identical with that of Ireland , so far as number of vowel contrast is concerned. The one exception is that words of the FOOT class have the vowel of the BREW class. The English of the north of England is similar but with another difference: the vowel of NUT is the same as the vowel of FOOT.

        The next inventory indicates the vowel contrasts in a broad variety of dialects: in the south of England, including RP and Cockney, in South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. Within this range of dialects there are big differences of pronunciation – between Cockney and RP, for instance – but the vowel system is essentially the same.   

            Inventory 2 (non-rhotic): RP, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

 TREE                         EAR    CHICK           FOOT              BREW TOUR

DAY               STEP               FUR                            NUT TOE

BAT SPA = STAR LOCK LAW = DOOR = WAR

TIE                  FIRE                           TOY                NOW SOUR

The sets represented by EAR, CHAIR, and TOUR have centering diphthongs [i=, td, n=, tu=]; FUR and STAR words have long vowels [fos, stps, wrs], the latter being identical with SPA. Among older speakers of RP LAW may have a long vowel, [rs] and WAR a centering diphthong, [r=]; among younger speakers these are identical.

Inventory 3 (rhotic): ‘General North American’

TREE        CHICK/EAR               FOOT/TOUR             BREW

      DAY                     STEP/CHAIR             FUR    HUT                TOE/DOOR

BAT SPA = LOCK/STAR                 LAW/WAR

TIE/FIRE             TOY                            NOW/SOUR

This inventory is the system of vowels in varieties spoken by many Americans and Canadians. The system shown here has DOOR pronounced with approximately the vowel of TOE, followed by /r/, and WAR articulated with the vowel of LAW, plus /r/. An increasing number of North Americans, like speakers of English represented in Inventory 2, have no such distinction, so Inventory 3 can be modified for such speakers with the notation DOOR = WAR. Unlike most other varieties of English the LOCK vowel is identical with the SPA vowel, as shown here, or with the LAW vowel (so: LOCK = LAW), or all three of these groups of words have the same vowel (SPA = LOCK = LAW). STAR has the same vowel followed by /r/. For most North Americans the EAR vowel is nearer to CHICK than to TREE, CHAIR more like STEP than DAY, TOUR more similar to FOOT than to BREW.

2. What is The incidence of vowels?

            As noted in section 4.2, English dialects differ in the occurrence of vowels in certain specific sets of words. What these occurrences are can best be understood by looking at some historic facts. The following words, all spelled with the letter a, were pronounced with the same vowel phoneme until about the seventeenth century. Let’s call it ‘short A.’ nap hat dance command craft bath class father palm want water fall salt.

      And all of the following words had the same vowel, a different vowel phoneme that we may call ‘short o.’ top hot bomb pond bother log long soft moth loss.

      The following words were pronounced with a diphthong AU, perhaps close to what is now heard in the word house: law pause dawn laundry sausage.

3.  What is The glides?

      Glides – a glide, like a liquid, is a consonant produced when the tongue approaches a point of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to obstruct or constrict the flow of air enough to create turbulence.  Unlike nasals, the flow of air is not redirected into the nose.  Instead, as with liquids, the air is still allowed to escape via the mouth, but its direction of flow is altered by having it glide over the tongue before exiting the lips.  The unique sound of each glide is affected by the point at which the tongue is brought closest to the point of articulation.  The primary difference between liquids and glides is that with a liquid, the tip of the tongue is used, whereas with glides, body of the tongue and not the tip is raised.  This provides a wide narrow space over which air passes before exiting the mouth.  There are two primary types of glide in English — labiovelar and palatal.  Each type derives its name from points of articulation toward which the tongue is positioned.  Like nasals and liquids, glides occur in sets of very similar sounds and in Old English there were a variety of these sounds, but Modern English possesses only one of each type in most dialects.

Labiovelar glide

A labiovelar (from Latin labia lip and velar the velum or soft palate) glide is a sound in which the flow of air out of the body is altered by first the shape of the tongue, with the main body of the tongue (not the tip) being raised toward the velum — the soft part of the roof of the mouth farthest from the front teeth; it’s about as far back in the mouth as can be reached with the tip of the tongue.  This creates a wide but shallow space with the air flowing over the tongue resonating near the roof of the mouth (but not toward the sides of the mouth).  The unique characteristic of labiovelar glides is that production of the sound begins with the pursed together forming a narrow circular opening.  The lips are then relaxed and the jaw dropped, opening the mouth.  This sound, as described is the syllable-initial (in this case more aptly described as the pre-vocalic form because it also appears after other consonants, but always before the vowel within a syllable) form /w/ as in will, why, and quick and flower. The symbol /?/ has been used to reference the possibility of other related sounds.  In Old English there existed at least two w-sounds with words currently spelled wh- representing words which initially began with this other sound.  We unfortunately no longer have record of what this sound was or how it was pronounced, but it is likely similar to /w/.  In Modern English there exists a second version of /w/ which occurs after the vowel (post-vocalic).  This sound is not yet recognized by the IPA and thus does not have a symbol (represented with strikethrough herein).  As with syllable-initial and syllable-final pairs, the post-vocalic /w/ is produced in reverse order of pre-vocalic /w/ with production of the sound beginning with the mouth opened and the lips relaxed, and ending with the lips pursed together forming a narrow round opening.  Contrast the beginning and ending jaw and lip positions of /w/ as in weed or wow with those of /w/ in chew and wow. There is a third w-sound in Modern English which is rare but still present in modern phonology.  That sound /ʍ/ known as a voiceless labiovelar is the version of /w/ in which the vocal cords are not used; compare voiced /w/ in water with voiceless /ʍ/ in the interjection whew! It is likely that the w-sound represented by wh- spellings was originally one of these two latter versions of labiovelar glide.

Palatal glide

A palatal (from palate the top of the mouth) glide is a sound in which the flow of air out of the body is altered by the shape of the tongue, with the main body of the tongue (not the tip) being raised toward the hard palate — the part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the alveolar ridge and forward of the velum (for many speakers, the lateral edges of the midsection of the tongue can be felt pressing up against the molar teeth).  This creates a wide and fairly shallow space with the air flowing over the tongue resonating near the roof of the mouth (but not toward the sides of the mouth) and then passing between the alveolar ridge and the downward slope of the tongue and finally out of the mouth.  Modern English has only one palatal glide represented by the symbol /j/ as in you, cube, and onion.

CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

pronounciation is one of the important things that must be considered in English, therefore if a fatal error occurs often caused by a bad pronunciation is the difference in the meaning of a word in a conversation that causes misunderstanding.

3.2 suggestion

Pronounciation is defitely the biggest thing that people notice when you are speaking English. So the core of this material is if someone wants to learn English must learn and explore the pronunciation so that others understand our words.

REFERENCE

-E-book Charles W., Kreidler. 2004. The Pronounciation of English. Voice… and Sounds.

-E-book Englis Society, Maria. 2013. Understanding English Pronounciation.

-Calleteach. 2010. Sound of English nasals Liquids Glides

Diambil dari

https://calleteach.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/sounds-of-english-nasals-liquids-glides/

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